Improve Wheat Profits with Smart Nitrogen Use

By Scout Nelson

Nitrogen fertilizer prices continue to swing, creating challenges for winter wheat growers. Because nitrogen is one of the highest costs in wheat production, using it wisely is key to protecting profits.

Research in South Dakota and the Great Plains shows that cereals often use less than 40 percent of applied nitrogen, meaning much of the fertilizer never reaches the grain.

Recent South Dakota State University trials at Wall and Sturgis tested different nitrogen rates under no-till conditions. Results varied by site and year. In some fields, yield increased until total nitrogen—soil plus fertilizer—reached 115 to 135 pounds per acre.

In other fields, residual soil nitrogen met crop needs and extra fertilizer gave no benefit. These findings show that a flat application rate can lead to wasted fertilizer and lost money when conditions differ each year.

Studies also reveal that wheat recovers only 30 to 40 percent of applied nitrogen. With current prices, this makes it hard to earn a strong return. To improve results, farmers are urged to test soil before planting and adjust fertilizer rates using local guidelines. Precision agriculture can also help by mapping yield variability and applying nitrogen only where it is needed.

Split applications offer another advantage. Applying a small amount at planting and the rest in spring matches the crop’s growth needs, avoids excessive fall growth, and allows farmers to buy more nitrogen later if prices drop.

This method also helps achieve the 12 percent protein level often required by grain buyers. Research shows that supplying nitrogen later in the season raises protein content and grain quality.

By testing soils, using precision technology, and timing applications, wheat growers can reduce fertilizer loss, raise grain protein, and protect profit margins. These strategies help farmers face rising input costs and market uncertainty with confidence.

Photo Credit: istock-zhaojiankang